Humanity and climate change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Humanity and climate change - Essay Example This paper provides evidence that human activities caused climate change. The Human Face behind Climate Change Numerous scholars and scientists agree that human activities have been the predominant root of global warming. Pollution has particularly raised global temperature levels which, in turn, affect numerous life forms. Kluger synthesizes reports that argue that global warming and climate change are real phenomena and that they are mainly the effects of prodigious human emissions. Extraordinary amounts of CO2 released into the air from people’s industries and automobiles have created the problem of global warming, which produce climate changes (Kluger). Glaciologist Rignot examines data from Canadian and European satellites and stipulates that Greenland ice is melting twice as fast than before, with 53 cu. mi. of water melting to the sea in 2005, compared with 22 cu. mi. in 1996 (Kluger). A cubic mile of water is around five times the amount that Los Angeles consumers ever y year (Kluger). In addition, the ocean water level is also rapidly rising and caused flooding in low-coastal areas, such as Bangladesh (Kluger). Schnoor provides additional proof that that increases in greenhouse gases or GHGs, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and others, in the atmosphere have produced global warming. NASA also concurs that these gases blankets the atmosphere and trap heat from escaping the Earth’s atmosphere. Schnoor emphasizes that burning fossil fuels, flooded agriculture, animal husbandry, and coal mining principally released higher carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) levels, leaked methane (CH4), and resulted to the denitrification of nitrogen fertilizers, which raised nitrous oxide (N2O) levels in the atmosphere. He stresses that CO2 is accountable for more than half of the greenhouse effect, and it is rising exponentially at ?0.4% per year (1106). He states that each time a person uses 10 gallons for their car; he/she releases 190 lbs of CO 2 into the atmosphere (1106). Schnoor depicts that each person in the United States releases â€Å"6 metric tons of carbon (22 metric tons of CO2) into the atmosphere each year† (1106). The total emissions from global anthropogenic activities are â€Å"more than 6–7 billion metric tons of carbon per year, and approximately half of that are accumulating in the atmosphere† (Schnoor 1106). Studies showed that the rising global atmospheric CO2 concentrations mostly came from humans because of three kinds of evidence. First, the increase in CO2 concentrations only began at the end of the 18th century, the time of the industrial revolution (Schnoor 1106). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report on the climate change in 2001 asserts that the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm (parts per million) in 1750 to 367 ppm in 1999 (31% increase)† (Khandekar, Murty, and Chittibabu 1563). The IPCC describes also the hu ge increase in other greenhouse gases (GHG) such as, methane and nitrous oxide, which heightened by 145% and 15%, respectively, in the last 250 years, where the Industrial Age coincided with these extraordinary high levels of greenhouse gases

Lesson Plan in Classroom Program Essay Example for Free

Lesson Plan in Classroom Program Essay In our modern epoch, the time when the only things that are needed for effective learning are the teachers and students is long gone. At the turn of the millennium, the equation to successful teaching also has the variables of classroom schedule, room assignment and even proper assignment of teachers. Although these factors may seem insignificant, all of those can be the telling elements as to whether the highest possible level of edification is attained. During our first teaching episode in our cooperating school, Tagum City National Comprehensive High School, I quickly took notice about the schedule of our CT. Mam Mercado’s schedule is obviously loaded, with only a few minutes of break or rest in between. Her class schedule as well as room assignment was relatively reasonable (in the Philippines’s educational setting). As she is assigned to teach English which is her major, it can be concluded that her students will acquire adequate learning. All these factors greatly contribute to the effectiveness of teaching as well as learning. Having stated that, I realized that for a lesson or a curriculum will be best implemented and taught if all the necessary components, which in this case are the class program, teacher’s assignment and room assignment, are present and well organized. Proper organization can greatly influence and even pad up the interest and enthusiasm of the students. On the part of the teacher, it eases up the tasks to be done knowing that most of these portions which he/she can’t control are put right in place. With that considered, the educational institution can be confident that the zenith of the teaching-leaning process is achieved. Due to some obvious reasons, we were not able to interview our CT about her Class Program. However, she shared to us how important it is to prepare a class program and implement it adaptably. With that, both the teacher and  the learners will know what to do expect as well as do next. With all that has been learned, I realized that there are many dynamics to be considered before effective edification can be professed. Most importantly, proper preparation and implementation of the class program should be given due concern for it can immensely affect learning.

The Revolution and Low Income :: Social Issues, Family Size, Poverty

This paper tells how certain factors characterize family size. Also, tells why poor people in evolving countries usually have large numbers of children. Most people are persuaded by their family values and environment. However, some people are faced with the challenged of survive. Generally, poor people have so many children due to lack of education and no resources to take care of their children. Another is revolutions for human determined family size. The rich nations are above average and middle-income nations are average; unlike, the low-income nations are below average (p.198). There are other key factors that also determine, â€Å"why poor people having larger families?† This essay will answer the following questions: 1.) Describe the factors that influence family size? 2.) Why do poor people in developing countries typically have large numbers of children? The Factors that Influence Family Size In reading Chapter 8 revolutions gave Homo sapiens an authoritative role of the outlook that humans are defined as revolutionary. The revolutions played a major part in humans coming out of confined cultures to the universal human cultures today (p.194). There are five factors that influence family size. Wright and Boorse (2011) suggested they are: 1.) Neolithic Revolution - changed the way human lived. The shift from hunting & gathering to agriculture led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social classes, and the eventual rise of civilizations (p.194). 2.) Industrial Revolution - changed the ways by how the world produced its goods. During the 17th and 18th the human population were a billion strong. This was not political, social or cultural revolution but economic (p.194-5). 3.) Medical Revolution - improved medical conditions for humans. In the late 1800 Louis Pasteur and others indicated diseases were originated from bacteria, viruses and parasites (p.196). 4.) The Green Revolution - the effective use of pesticides, and improved fertilization, irrigation, mechanization, and soil conservation techniques. This happened around World War II (p.196). 5.) The Newest Revolution - internet, computers, nanotechnology, robotics and solar technologies (p.197). Therefore, revolutions have empowered family growth due to evolvement of tools, medicines and technologies. In today society hands tools are mostly operated by batteries or electricity. Also, there are preventative measurements that keep you from contracting diseases. Besides, computers and others technologies updates everyone on what is happening in the world today. Why Poor People have Large Number of Children According to Wright and Boorse (2011) defined poor people have large number of children as a result of income and sociocultural conditions (p. The Revolution and Low Income :: Social Issues, Family Size, Poverty This paper tells how certain factors characterize family size. Also, tells why poor people in evolving countries usually have large numbers of children. Most people are persuaded by their family values and environment. However, some people are faced with the challenged of survive. Generally, poor people have so many children due to lack of education and no resources to take care of their children. Another is revolutions for human determined family size. The rich nations are above average and middle-income nations are average; unlike, the low-income nations are below average (p.198). There are other key factors that also determine, â€Å"why poor people having larger families?† This essay will answer the following questions: 1.) Describe the factors that influence family size? 2.) Why do poor people in developing countries typically have large numbers of children? The Factors that Influence Family Size In reading Chapter 8 revolutions gave Homo sapiens an authoritative role of the outlook that humans are defined as revolutionary. The revolutions played a major part in humans coming out of confined cultures to the universal human cultures today (p.194). There are five factors that influence family size. Wright and Boorse (2011) suggested they are: 1.) Neolithic Revolution - changed the way human lived. The shift from hunting & gathering to agriculture led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social classes, and the eventual rise of civilizations (p.194). 2.) Industrial Revolution - changed the ways by how the world produced its goods. During the 17th and 18th the human population were a billion strong. This was not political, social or cultural revolution but economic (p.194-5). 3.) Medical Revolution - improved medical conditions for humans. In the late 1800 Louis Pasteur and others indicated diseases were originated from bacteria, viruses and parasites (p.196). 4.) The Green Revolution - the effective use of pesticides, and improved fertilization, irrigation, mechanization, and soil conservation techniques. This happened around World War II (p.196). 5.) The Newest Revolution - internet, computers, nanotechnology, robotics and solar technologies (p.197). Therefore, revolutions have empowered family growth due to evolvement of tools, medicines and technologies. In today society hands tools are mostly operated by batteries or electricity. Also, there are preventative measurements that keep you from contracting diseases. Besides, computers and others technologies updates everyone on what is happening in the world today. Why Poor People have Large Number of Children According to Wright and Boorse (2011) defined poor people have large number of children as a result of income and sociocultural conditions (p.

How does Orwell present Napoleon Essay

George Orwell’s Animal Farm is written in the fairy tale style of one of Aesop’s fables where it uses animals of an English farm to tell the history of Soviet communism. Napoleon’s character is based directly on the communist party leader Joseph Stalin Orwell’s physical description of Napoleon is a ‘large, rather fierce looking Berkshire Boar’ and his character is said to be not much of a talker, but had a reputation of getting his own way. From the way that this pig is portrayed in these lines means he is going to be a strong ruler because When Old Major dies a few nights after his famous Rebellion speech, Napoleon and Snowball, both boars, combine together and formulate his main principles into a philosophy called Animalism. A few nights later when they have defeated Mr Jones in battle and changed the farm name to Animal Farm they work together in running the farm. Snowball teaches the animals to read, whilst Napoleon educates a young group of puppies. It is here where Napoleon first begins to work on the beginning of the Rebellion when he tells Mollie and Bluebell that education was more important to the young than the old as he was preparing for the next generation. However what he was really doing was preparing for the uprising against Snowball, to take charge of the farm, when the dogs would play a pivotal role acting as body guards to him. Orwell contrasts Napoleon and Snowball in a way that forces them to have contradictory ideas. Snowball wants pure communism where everyone benefits equally, whereas on the other hand Napoleon prefers power. Snowball invents all of the ideas and arranging the animals into committees to help the farm in the best way possible. An example of this was the idea of building a windmill which would make ‘jobs around the farm a lot easier, as well as warming the animal’s stalls in the winter’, with the introduction of electricity. Throughout the committee meetings Napoleon was constantly disagreeing with anything Snowball said or did, even ‘urinating over the plans’. When Napoleon seizes power from Napoleon his character is shown by Orwell as jealous and cowardly. He realises that the animals are beginning to side with Snowball over the decision of the windmill so he has to act fast find a way to change this. He does this by arranging for Snowball to be chased away by ‘nine enormous dogs’, the ones which he had separated from Mollie at birth. This is also an act of a coward because Napoleon is too scared to pursue him as he is worried that the animals will protest and not follow him as a leader. By doing what he did it allowed him to rise above the other animals saying â€Å"Mess with me and the same treatment will happen to you.† Once Napoleon has seized power over the farm he really begins to strive as no other animal dares to stand up to him after what they witnessed with Snowball. This is where Napoleon begins to become a dictator by making numerous ‘announcements’ at the meetings making the farm run in the way he wants it. He does this by squashing any plans that Snowball had originally proposed and then he tells a bunch of lies to the animals about how Snowball was ‘secretly’ against them and was really working for Mr Jones in the rebellions. With Snowball gone, Napoleon is the big man on campus. He doesn’t need to talk, because he has the aptly named Squealer do his speaking for him. He doesn’t need to worry about protests, because he gets rid of public meetings. He doesn’t need to worry about sharing power, because he names himself head of every committee. Towards the end of the story Napoleon agrees into talks with the other farmers on neighbouring farms. This is where things begin to go wrong for napoleon as he begins to get follow their actions by dressing, walking and drinking like human beings. The other animals dislike the behaviour of the pigs but by now the animals are hooked and are now drunk on the alcohol. In conclusion George Orwell presents the character of Napoleon to us as a secretive liar and bully caring only about power. He goes back on a number of the farm commandments and alters them for the sake of himself, rather than the wealth fare of the animals.

Greek Cosmobob Essay

Cosmo Panetta, a 74 year old immigrant from Greece, living in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada with his wife and two sons. After working odd jobs for ten years, Mr. Panetta used personal savings and a loan from a family member to purchase a variety store. He always dreamed of starting a family business. Panetta eventually sold the variety store and purchased, renovated, and renamed a drive-thru restaurant. A second location was added shortly thereafter. Both sons skipped college to help Panetta run the restaurants. Sales were good and customers returned for the good food and good price. Mr. Panetta’s brainchild food item, The Cosmobob, was praised by patrons of both locations, so he began preparing for mass-market introduction and development. Cosmo was faced with a number of decisions concerning producing The Cosmobob. There was an opportunity to open a third restaurant in the Niagara Falls business district, purchase or rent a new production facility for the Cosmobob, introduce the product on a provincial or national level, and whether to distribute through a food wholesaler or supermarket chains. All of these questions would have to be answered very thoroughly because Cosmo had only $25,000 available before having to turn to a bank. His age, shortage of menu diversification, and lack of higher education in the family would also have to be taken into consideration. In this analysis, we will analyze each situation and recommend the best options for Mr. Panetta, his family and their business. Cosmobob Product & Family Business Cosmo Panetta started his family business in 1975, when he opened his first restaurant in Niagara Falls, Canada. Mr. Panetta, his wife and older son immigrated to Canada from Greece. Mr. Panetta had a passion for starting his own family business. He knew that a variety store could be the way to fulfill this dream; therefore, in 1968, he used his personal savings along with a small family loan to purchase his first store. By 1975, he was presented with the opportunity to sell his variety store to a convenience store chain. Using this money and a loan from the bank, he bought an existing drive-in restaurant at Niagara Falls, which he renovated and named Cosmo’s Drive-in. In 1979, he opened his second location on Lundy Lane. Mr. Panetta always believed that a good location, excellent product, and a fair price were the key ingredients for a successful restaurant. Cosmo’s restaurants are famous for the Cosmobob. In 1998, the Cosmobob accounted for almost 35% of the Thorold location sales and 30% of the Lundy Lane location sales. With this tremendous success in one product, Panetta decided to produce and sell the Cosmobob to other restaurants in the area. An extra room in the back of the Thorold Stone location was used to prepare orders. The restaurant; however, had limited freezer space for storage so a local icehouse was used for $400 per month. Three people were initially hired on a part-time basis at $9.00 per hour to operate the production initiative. The Cosmobob sales went from 100 cases in September to 600 cases by December. Looking at this growth, production staff was increased to six people. Current locations Sales & Profit The Lundy’s lane location was also known as â€Å"the fast food strip† and the second restaurant was located on Thorold Stone Road, a main industrial street. Mr. Panetta managed the Thorold Stone restaurant while his older son Joe managed the Lundy’s lane restaurant. The average sale per customer for the restaurants was $6.88 and most of the customer traffic was recorded during lunch and dinner hours. Cosmo’s restaurant had grown to $480,000 in assets by 1998 with a gross profit of $136, 846 and almost $1,163,000 in sales. Decisions Affecting the Longevity of the Company Sales were promising in both locations and Mr. Panetta knew this could be a great time to inquire about expanding his company and product. He had three options to consider; opening a new store in the upcoming area mall, purchase or lease a facility for mass production, or do both. He also had to decide if he would market his product to the food service market or through supermarket chains. With only $25,000 to invest, he would need to consider a loan. Another question Mr. Panetta was faced with was; would the demand for the Cosmobob be high enough to see a profit within the first few years if he mass produced the product? Canadian Food Market The Canadian food market is a $37.8 billion dollar a year industry which consists of the food service market and retail grocery stores. The food service market includes all meals eaten away from home in schools, hospitals, prisons, nursing homes, hotels, and restaurants. Canadians on average ate 38% of their meals away from home in 1996. Hotels and restaurants serve 960 million meals a year; however, this is a small portion, only 8% of the total food service market. On the other hand, fast food service accounted for 80% of the 960 million meals, totaling 768 million. Within the food market, there are four basic types of food service systems used for delivering entrà ©es: Conventional system, where all food is purchased raw and processed on premises. The Semi-conventional food system; which provided frozen pre-cut meats. The ready food system provided pre-cooked frozen entrà ©es on premises and finally the Total convenience system where 90-95% of all food items were purchased from outside commercial suppliers. 25% of all hotels and restaurants used the total convenience system by 1990. The use of convenience foods helped contribute to the efficiency service during the peak periods of the day, resulting in faster customer service and increased sales volume. Marketing Strategy Mr. Panetta is undecided between two marketing strategies to promote and sell the Cosmobob. Either he can enter into the food service market or distribute through supermarket chains. Distributing through a food wholesaler would require permanently adding pita bread and Cosmo sauce to his offering. Grocery store chains were a larger market than food service; however, the cost would also be substantially higher. Cosmo knew there were no existing â€Å"ready to serve† souvlaki available to the home user. Serca Foods Serca Foods, a national food wholesaler, was interested in carrying the Cosmobob. They would require a 20% margin on the products purchased. Meaning for every Cosmobob case sold at $60, Serca Foods would receive $12. With Serca being a national wholesaler a federal inspection would be necessary for products to be sold in multiple providences. Therefore, Panetta would have to invest an extra $30-40,000 in his production facility to pass the federal government inspection. The complimentary items to the Cosmobob; the pita bread and Cosmobob sauce, were not available in all Ontario markets, resulting in additional working capital needed to cover four weeks of inventory. If the Cosmobob was exclusive to Serca, their salesperson would have the upper hand with its buyers. Cosmo would not have to personally worry about the selling and promoting of his product to the food service market. Small restaurants and hotels liked the convenience of ordering from only one wholesaler, and if only Serca offered the Cosmobob that gave them the opportunity to gain new accounts. Supermarket Chains Federal inspection would be necessary if the Cosmobob was introduced nationally in a supermarket chain. Distributing to the home user would be beneficial to those with large families that could not afford to eat away from home often, and also appeal to people who liked to have comfort food at home. Supermarket chains would expect a 25% margin on the retail selling price, good promotional support, and guaranteed delivery. The delivery to national supermarkets would be an additional cost for Mr. Panetta to consider. Mr. Panetta and his son were the only two conducting sales and demonstration of the product. With the promotional expectations of the supermarket chain, he would need to hire another salesperson in order to meet the demands. There is a $20,000 placement fee per product, per supermarket chain; in addition to samples, free food allowances, advertising, and trade promotion. Consumer promotion for a new product would cost more than $800,000 a year. Table 1 shows the estimated cost and profit if he used Serca Foods and produced and sold 2,400 cases a month. New Opportunity in Victoria Mall Mr. Panetta had an opportunity to open a new store in the upcoming Victoria Avenue Mall area. Compared to his current locations, this restaurant would be closer to the Niagara Falls business district and tourist area, which could possibly generate a lot of exposure to new customers. The estimated inflow to the mall was expected to be 500 cars per day. His target market would include local customers and tourist who visited Niagara Falls. The list of tenants in the mall includes a convenience milk store, hair styling salon, flower shop and a dry cleaner. With this expansion, he projects the new store could generate at least 60% of the Thorold Stone location initially and potentially match it in two years. This would require an investment of about $60,000 towards leasehold improvements and equipment. Table 2 and 3 outlines his initial estimated sales of $322,503 and net income of $10,930. Production Facility Options The facility space being utilized for production has reached its capacity. If Mr. Panetta considers expanding his product on a larger scale and mass produce, he must occupy a facility that can meet the needs of production and service. There are two options available; the mushroom factory and the old dairy farm. The mushroom factory is located outside of Niagara Falls in Grimsby, Ontario. To lease this facility for 3 years it would cost $83,340. In addition, Mr. Panetta would have to provide an upfront cost of $160,000 to cover improvements and mandatory government inspection. Alternatively, the building can be purchased for $460,000 which includes rent, facility improvements and inspection. After conducting a differential analysis, the differential cost from the alternative to buy the mushroom factory compared to leasing would be $216,660. Table 4 outlines the details of this analysis. His second option is the old dairy plant factory. This facility would require a 3 year lease agreement for a total of $103,200 in rent. It would also take an additional $30,000 in leasehold improvements, in order to get the facility ready for operation and $40,000 for government inspection. Mr. Panetta has the option to purchase this location for $470,000. In Table 5, the differential analysis shows a $296,800 net difference in the cost to rent or buy the old dairy plant. Recommendations After conducting a full analysis of Mr. Panetta’s product and the market, we recommend that he pursue a new business opportunity and open a new location in the Victoria Mall. Although the requirement to lease the site is for a minimum of 20 years, with rent exceeding $384,000, there is potential to reach many customers on a daily basis. Sales projected on 60% average of the Thorold location is expected to produce a $10,000 net income within the first year and has the potential to reach Thorold location sales in two years. Opening this new site would require a larger facility in order to mass produce the Cosmobob. The old dairy plant location in Niagara Falls would be the best option. Not only would it allow him to use the same employees, but the capital required to have the plant operational is less expensive. $70,000 would be required upfront compared to $160,000 in improvements and inspections for the alternative location. There is a $296,800 difference in cost to lease the old dairy plant compared to purchase. The lease option is less and it provides the option to discontinue the lease agreement after 3 years if he determines that his net profit is not meeting the company’s expectations. To market the Cosmobob through Serca Foods would be beneficial. While hotels and restaurants only make up 8% of the food service market, they served 960 million meals a year, and 768 are at fast food restaurants. The Cosmobob is a versatile entrà ©e and can be sold at eateries of all price points. The sales force and promotion is guaranteed, and the requested margin on sales is lower than that of supermarkets.

SAT World History Subject Test Study Guide

SAT World History Subject Test Study Guide World history – its not just for the History Channel buffs. You can actually study for and take an entire test all about world history when you sign up for the SAT World History Subject Test. Its one of many SAT Subject Tests offered by the College Board, which have been designed to showcase your brilliance in a plethora of different areas. This one, in particular, helps you demonstrate your expansive knowledge of things like wars, famines, the rise and fall of civilizations, etc. from Before Common Era through the 20th century. Hows that for expansive? Note: The SAT World History Subject Test is not part of the SAT Reasoning Test, the popular college admissions exam. SAT World History Subject Test Basics Before you register for this test, here are the basics about the manner in which youll be tested. 60 minutes95 multiple-choice questions200-800 points possibleQuestions may be asked individually or could be placed in sets based on quotes, maps, charts, cartoons, pictures or other graphics. SAT World History Subject Test Content Heres the good stuff. What in the world (ha!) are you going to need to know? A ton, as it turns out. Take a look: Locations of Historical Information: Global or Comparative history: Approximately 23-24 questionsEuropean history: Approximately 23-24 questionsAfrican history: Approximately 9-10 questionsSouthwestern Asian history: Approximately 9-10 questionsSouthern and Southeastern Asian history: Approximately 9-10 questionsEastern Asian history: Approximately 9-10 questionsThe Americas history (excluding the United States): Approximately 9-10 questions Time Periods: B.C. E to 500 C.E.: Approximately 23-24 questions500 C.E. to 1500 C.E.: 19 questions1500 to 1900 C.E.: Approximately 23-24 questionsPost 1900 C.E.: 19 questionsCross-chronological: Approximately 9-10 questions SAT World History Subject Test Skills Your 9th grade world history class isnt going to be enough. You need more than just a meager knowledge of the Romans to do well on this thing. Heres the kind of stuff in which you should be well-versed before you sit for the test: Taking a multiple-choice testRecall and understanding of historical conceptsAnalyzing cause and effect relationshipsComprehending geography necessary for comprehending historyInterpreting maps, charts, graphs and other graphics Why Take the SAT World History Subject Test? For some of you, youll have to. If youre applying to enter a history program, especially one that focuses on world history, then you may be required to take it by the program. Check with your admissions counselor! If youre not required to take it, but youre seeking admission to some sort of historical program, it might be a good idea to go ahead and take it, especially if world history is your thing. It could showcase your knowledge if your regular SAT score wasnt so hot, or it could help to offset a less than stellar GPA. How to Prepare for the SAT World History Subject Test If you have 95 questions based on anything from early humanity to the year you were born, then Id study if I were you. The College Board offers 15 free practice questions for you, so you can get a feel for how youll be tested. It also provides a second pamphlet with the answers. We recommend a college-level world history course, with some expansive world history reading on the side. Test prep companies like The Princeton Review and Kaplan also offer some test prep for the World History Subject Test for a fee, of course. Sample SAT World History Question This sample SAT world history question comes straight from The College Board, themselves, so it should give you a snapshot of the kinds of questions youll see on test day (since they wrote the test and all). By the way, the questions are ranked in order of difficulty in their question pamphlet from 1 to 5, where 1 is the least difficult and 5 is the most. The question below is marked as a difficulty level of 2. 11. Social Darwinists such as Herbert Spencer argued that (A) competition allows individuals to develop their talents and meet their needs(B) competition and cooperation are equally important in building a productive and compassionate society(C) human societies progress through competition since the strong survive and the weak perish(D) human societies progress through cooperation, a natural instinct that should be encouraged(E) God predetermines that some members of society are fated to succeed and some members are fated to fail Answer: Choice (C) is correct. Social Darwinists  such as Herbert Spencer argued that the history of human societies and races has been shaped by the same principles as those that Charles Darwin had postulated for biological evolution, namely the principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest. Social Darwinists, therefore, tended to interpret the geopolitical dominance of Europe (and people of European birth or ancestry) in their late-19th- and early-20th-century world as both proof for the argument that Europeans were more highly evolved than other races and as a justification for continued European colonial rule worldwide.

Deadbeat Parents essays

Deadbeat Parents essays Parents who do not pay their child support are deadbeat parents. This creates a hardship for the case managers in the child support office, the legal staff in preparing documents and court appearances, but most importantly, the children who are the recipients of the child support. Child support enforcement exists to help ensure that every child receives the support that is required by law. This process begins through court ordered divorce, paternity genetic testing, or application made directly to the child support office. Through a court ordered divorce proceeding, the absent parent (the individual who is not awarded custody) is required to pay child support. Guidelines are established for determining the amount to be paid and an order is established. If an individual is in disagreement with an order a paternity genetic test can be given. A custodial parent can complete an application to submit to the local child support enforcement office. Once this is received, the application goes through several processes. First, an establishment case manager reviews the paperwork and has appointments with both parties involved. Once the order is established, through the case manager or child support court, the case goes to an enforcement case manager. This person is responsible for enforcing the child support order by maintaining contact with the absent parent, securing employment information, address, etc. If an individual fails to comply with the order, another process begins. The case is referred to the legal department for enforcement. Paperwork issued from the court is mailed to the individual requiring them to appear in court on a specific date and time. If they do appear, they are given an opportunity to explain why they are not meeting their order. If this is acceptable by the judge, they are given another opportunity to comply. In most cases, the absent parents do not show up for court and a contempt warrant is iss ...

How To Use the Spanish ‘Cuando’

How To Use the Spanish ‘Cuando’ The Spanish word cuando  usually the equivalent of the English when, although its use is far more versatile than the English word. It can serve as a preposition, conjunction, or adverb, and it frequently is used in situations where when doesnt work as a translation. Cuando as a Conjunction Cuando is used most often as a conjunction, a type of word that in this case connects two clauses, a sentence-like statement that includes a subject (which may be implied) and a verb. Although the conjunction cuando can often be translated as when, cuando doesnt always indicate that a time element is at play. In those situations, context sometimes makes it better to think of cuando as meaning a condition such as if or since. Here are some examples of cuando meaning when: Siempre voy al mercado cuando estoy en la ciudad. (I always go to the market when I am in the city. Here cuando joins the two clauses siempre voy al mercado and estoy en la ciudad.)Su padre era drogadicto cuando ella era una nià ±a. (Her father was a drug addict when she was a girl. Cuando joins su padre era drogadicto and ella era una nià ±a.)Cuando llegà ³ al aeropuerto me puse en la fila equivocada. (When I arrived at the airport, I got in the wrong line. As this sentence shows, a conjunction can link two clauses even when it comes at the beginning of the sentence rather than between the clauses.) If the action of the verb after cuando took place in the past, is ongoing, or takes place in the present, the verb is in the indicative mood. But if it takes place in the future, the subjunctive is used. Note the difference between these two sentences. Cuando la veo, siempre me siento feliz. (When I see her, I always feel happy. The action of siento is ongoing, so it is in the indicative mood.)Cuando la veo maà ±ana, me sienta feliz. (When I see her tomorrow, I will feel happy. The action of the verb happens tomorrow, so the subjunctive mood is used.) Here are examples of where a translation other than when might be used for cuando: Vamos a salir cuando està © tarde. (We are going to leave if he is late. Depending on the context, this sentence doesnt necessarily suggest that the person will be late.)Cuando brilla el Sol, podemos ir a la playa. (Since the sun is shining, we can go to the beach. Since works better than when in translation if it is known to the speaker and listener that the sun is shining.) Cuando as an Adverb When it appears in questions before a verb, cundo functions as an adverb and receives an orthographic accent.  ¿Cundo vienes? (When are you coming?) ¿Cundo van a llegar al hotel? (When will they are arrive at the hotel? ¿Cundo compraron el coche? (When did they buy a car?)No sà © cundo se resolver mi futuro. (I dont known when my future will be determined. This is an example of an indirect question.) Cuando also functions as an adverb when it follows a form of ser. When is almost always a suitable translation. Era cuando yo estaba ms vulnerable. (It was when I was most vulnerable.)Mi mentira favorita era cuando me decà ­as, te amo. (My favorite lie was when you told me, I love you.)La parte difà ­cil es cuando se tienen cuatro o cinco actores en la misma escena. (The difficult part is when there are four or five actors in the same scene.) Cuando as a Preposition When used as a preposition, cuando can often be translated as during or at the time of. Often the sentence using cuando  in this way cannot be translated word for word but must be loosely translated to indicate that something happened during the time of the prepositional object. Some examples: La escribià ³Ã‚  cuando  estudiante. (She wrote it when she was a student. Note that there are no words in Spanish that directly say she was, but that meaning is implied. A word-for-word translation would be when student, but that doesnt make sense.)Asà ­Ã‚  fue  cuando  la Revolucià ³n Francesa.  (Thats how it was during the French Revolution.)Cuando las  inundaciones  yo era muy chica. (At the time of the  floods  I was very young.)Yo era enfermizo cuando muchacho con asma, (As a  boy  with asthma I was sickly.) Key Takeaways Although cuando can be thought of as the Spanish word for when, it can also be used in other ways.A common use of cuando is as a conjunction combining two clauses.When cundo means when as an interrogative adverb in a question, the first syllable receives an accent mark.

Action research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Action research - Essay Example This study aims at analyzing the pros and cons of action research. This will aid in understanding the benefits accrued by practitioners as well as shortfalls of action research. Action research is a process of practitioners checking their work to confirm if it is as good as they want. As action research is done by, the practitioner is often referred to practitioner-based research or even self reflecting practice as it entails checking the effectiveness of work done personally (Dick 440). Action 5research is not a replacement of quasi-experimental research but acts as a means of finding out results where other research paradigms may not be effective. This is due to the difference in the conditions inherent with different research conditions for the choice of a research paradigm to be utilized. Action research is mainly used for the analysis of an ongoing situation for example performance in a work environment. A choice of a research paradigm depends on it being able to meet the method ology and goals of the research. Action research, as a paradigm, was mainly used for the improvement of the teaching profession, which is the main reason for pros and cons of action research examples being centered on education. ... This is possible owing to the better understanding of the practices in the profession that will be effective in meeting the needs and inculcated by practitioners for the development of the culture. Action research also has an advantage of augmenting the practitioner’s problem solving abilities within and without their service delivery centers. For teachers, this is possible through an interactive process of the augmented process of the teachers to be analytical in the course of taking part in research. Action research aids teachers to be more reflective of the situation they are faced in and the ability of meeting the requirements of the students. Critical analysis of own teaching styles and methods is another requirement of action research. The consequence of incorporation of critical evaluation of teaching styles, analysis, and reflection results in the ability of the teachers to solve problems. Action research has the ability of sharpening reasoning abilities of the practit ioner and aids them in the development of measures of self monitoring to augment performance effectiveness. Through action research, teachers become more aware of their teaching practices, the difference between practice and beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and learning of their pupils. This allows them to tailor their teaching in a well reasoned and with high skill to meet the learning requirements of their pupils. Action research also aids in the ability of teachers to focus on student explanation and conceptions. This is brought about by the fact that action research involves collecting data on student’s understanding and thinking, making teachers understand the students better (Calhoun 33) The research base of practitioners augments with participation in action research. This is due

How to use a Gold in Wind Turbines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How to use a Gold in Wind Turbines - Essay Example This report focuses on wind turbines, their design and how they can be redesigned using gold in order to increase their efficiency. Introduction The use of wind turbines to harness wind power is not a new technology. It is a concept that has been in operation since as the 7th century. To date, the wind turbines have become a familiar picture with their purpose being simple: to harvest the energy possessed by wind. Wind turbines differ in size depending on the required amount of energy. All wind turbines are made up of 4 major parts; rotor blades, nacelle unit, base and tower ((Energy Center of Wisconsin 1). However, due to the technological advancements, various changes are been made in the design and choice of components in an attempt to increase its efficiency. The following report explains how gold can be used in a wind turbine in order to increase its efficiency. Breakdown of the major parts of a wind turbine As stated earlier, wind turbines come in different sizes depending on t he energy requirements. There are four crucial parts that are essential in any wind turbine. These are rotor blades, nacelle, support tower and the foundation/base as shown in the following figure. Figure 1: The major components of a wind turbine system (Alternative energy eMagazine 7) 1. ... Rotation of the blades makes the turbine rotate thus capturing the kinetic energy contained in the wind (Energy Center of Wisconsin 2). 2. The Nacelle This part can be referred to as the ‘engine system’ of the wind turbine. It houses the generator and the gearbox that are connected to the rotor blades through a shaft and system of gears. The gears are used to increase the rotation speed of the blades. Rotation of the blades results in rotation of the generator. The generator converts the kinetic energy possessed in the wind into electrical energy (Energy Center of Wisconsin 3). 3. Support Tower They are elevated a few feet from the ground and are used to hoist the rotor blades and the nacelle unit to heights where there is likely to be little barriers to wind motion. The most common design is a round steel cylinder. It also houses the electrical conduits and also contains a ladder running outside it to provide access to the rotor blades and nacelle unit for maintenance a nd repair services (Energy Center of Wisconsin 4). 4. Base/Foundation The base is constructed using concrete that is reinforced with steel bars. The foundation holds the entire system in position thus is constructed with utmost caution. Choice of Materials for each component 1. Rotor Blades As stated earlier, the blades may be made from fiberglass, plastic, or metal. Regardless of the material used, the blades must be designed to capture the maximum surface area of the wind. They are also designed using a light weight material that is also durable and corrosion resistant. For this reason, most blades are made from reinforced plastic and fiberglass (Layton 5). 2. Nacelle unit In this unit, the major components are the generator and the gear box

Service Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Service Marketing - Research Paper Example In service industry Customer experience in service industry on the other hand is a very important factor. Service industry directly deals with the customers. Unlike other industries service industry has more exposure towards the customers. The start to end process of the service industry deals with the customers and is dependent on their experience. Service industries mainly position themselves as alternatives to make the life of the customers easier and happy. Their advertisements and promotions are all centered around the customer’s convenience on availing the services. Most services availed by customers are for luxury or leisure purpose and the performance of such services are completely dependent on the experience the customer has throughout the process. Being aware of the customer’s need and providing them with it is a key factor in service industry. Established players like the Hilton group of hotels, The Marriott group and all the privately run hospitals are awar e of the direct impact of customer experience on their business. A single customer having a bad experience with their service can cause them lose many potential customers (Goodman, 2009, p.16). Concept of Customer Experience The level of interaction which an organization develops with its customer profile helps in the development of the concept of customer experience. An enhanced understanding of the concept includes the involvement of several parameters. Parameters studied involve the operational aspects of the companies, the different senses which the company’s operation evokes and the emotional aspect adhered to the products and services produced by the company. Further analysis shows that the level of customer experience developed in an organization depends on the level of interaction of consumers with the elements like people, different processes, cultural parameters, technological and other resources, and other strategies devised by the company in gaining more revenues and market share. The same can be diagrammatically represented as follows. The study of the concept of customer interaction in regards to companies gains importance owing tom certain reasons. Firstly the enhancement of customer interaction helps in the development of a long standing relationship between the people and the organization. Secondly the customers through such enhanced interaction tend to develop a strong liking for the products and services of the company and thereby enhance the parameter of loyalty. Thirdly this process helps the organization in augmenting the value of the offerings rendered in regards to the customers (Shaw, 2005, p.51, 56). Figure 1 (Source: Shaw, 2005, p.51) Customer Experience in Service Organizations The level of customer experience in regards to service organizations can be studied along the following parameters. Customers experience in regards to service organizations involves the direct interaction of the consumers with the pattern of service of ferings rendered by the service industries. From the viewpoint of the service industries it also aims to study the aspect which the service organizations generally take in dealing with its effective customers. The experiences which the customer gains of the organizational service are thereby studied mainly along two sets. Firstly the experience which the custome

Incredible Journey of Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Incredible Journey of Development - Essay Example While some theorists hold that children develop smoothly and continuously, others contest this by their belief in the stage-wise development of children, where each stage can be distinguished from the other and is recognizably stable. But both agree that there are certain periods of a children's development when they are capable of learning to perform certain tasks better than at any other age, for example, infants and toddlers have better language grasping abilities. It is also generally agreed that each child is a unique individual, and would pick up skills according to a unique pace and pattern. The first of these developmental theories was by Sigmund Freud, which though considered inaccurate is important because it formed the basis of later theories to mark this field. He held that the way children's basic sexual and aggressive desires are handled by its parents would dictate the development of their future personalities and traits. Freud divided the developmental stages of children in terms of their sexual development and named them Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stages. Freud's theory formed the basis of Erik Erikson's work which suggested a theory of human development in stages from birth to death in terms of how children begin to gain a sense of identity, as well as develop self-belief allowing them to become productive and successful members of society in their future life. Erikson associates each stage with a particular stretch of life span and goes from trust- versus-mistrust which lasts from birth to one year; autonomy-versus-shame and doubt which can be said to last from one to three years; initiative-versus-guilt which goes from three years to six ; and so on in stages such as industry-versus-inferiority; identity-versus- identity confusion; intimacy-versus- isolation; generativity versus stagnation; and integrity versus despair, each of which corresponds to a particular age.

Rulfos Narrative Techniques & Characterizations of Humanity in El Essay

Rulfos Narrative Techniques & Characterizations of Humanity in El Llano de Llamas - Essay Example Rulfo attained most of his acclaim through his 1955 publication of Pedro Pramo. Yet many literary critics have thought that the genius of Rulfo's works are within his short stories, where "the elaboration of a single event of the introspection of a single character allows him to illuminate the meaning, often the utter despair, of a man's life" (Schade, p.ix). Rulfo utilizes secondary characters, often family members, to cause reactions from the protagonists. By this, we access the protagonists' humanity. In 'Macario,' character is accessed through use of time and place: the story and its events are chaotic. Macario is an individual, but impossible to understand for his complexity. His ideas and perceptions are contrasted with their opposites, all two thousand words of this piece's prose run in one single paragraph. It's difficult for the reader to orientate themselves within the text. More importantly, it is impossible to distinguish Macario's perception of the outside world, the frogs, the toads, Grandmother, Felipa, food, starvation, etc. There is no second character's point of view given within 'Macario' to counter the ideas or impressions stated. There's no one else's dialogue. Readers must take the information and the character as he is and interpret Macario's life, time and place as he gives it. I believe this is the basis for Gyurko (1972) to state that "Character is stripped external appearance and splintered into existential shards; plot is inconsequential or nonexistent; action decelerates into stasis. Narrative continuity is fragmented into bits of dialogue and truncated memory" (p.451). Macario's inner dialogue is difficult to follow. The sequences of his thoughts have a semblance of sequence or order, but in final interpretation, they are weird. Rulfo uses this stylistically. Macario's first sequence of inner dialogue opens the first paragraph of the first page of the first short story in 'El llano de llamas.' While Macario is musing over the frogs that he is waiting for, the readers are introduced to the idea of an individual's complexity and peculiarity: Las ranas son verdes de todo a todo, menos en la panza. Los sapos son negros. Tambin los ojos de mi madrina son negros. Las ranas son buenas para hacer de comer con ellas. Los sapos no se comen; pero yo me los he comido tambin, aunque no se coman, y saben igual que las ranas. Felipa es la que dice que es malo comer sapos. Felipa tiene los ojos verdes como los ojos de los gatos. Rulfo paints a portrait of a disjointed mind, incomprehensible to others. 'Macario' is then used as an overlay to the short stories that follow. The subsequent short stories have to do with tension between people, and often both viewpoints are easily perceptible, unlike Macario's inner ranting. Rulfo uses secondary characters as a tool to give readers feedback on the protagonists. Rulfo's protagonists are often extraordinary and peculiar individuals struggling to survive in un-ordinary and harsh circumstances, like Natalia in 'Talpa' and Ignacio in 'No oyes ladrar a los perros.' Such characters might be difficult for the reader to relate to or comprehend. For this, Rulfo utilizes secondary characters, usually family, like Natalia's mother and Ignacio's father, to build humanity and provide an

Music element report2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Music element report2 - Essay Example No, you’re would be crooning the song’s melody for sure. We like and memorize new music pieces by its melody. Rhythm, harmony and form serve as technical elements for building a composition, while melody is a heart of music. It can be compared with driving a car. If the car is good, you won’t enjoy its wheels or its bumper or any other particular detail, you will enjoy the driving process in general. Melody is a reflection of all the music elements structured in one solid piece. I would like to quote the great German composer Johann Krinberger, whose words precisely point at the importance of melody: â€Å"The true goal of music—its proper enterprise—is melody. All the parts of harmony have as their ultimate purpose only beautiful melody. Therefore the question of which is the more significant, melody or harmony, is futile. Beyond doubt, the means is subordinate to the end.† (Forte,

Rulfos Narrative Techniques & Characterizations of Humanity in El Essay

Rulfos Narrative Techniques & Characterizations of Humanity in El Llano de Llamas - Essay Example Rulfo attained most of his acclaim through his 1955 publication of Pedro Pramo. Yet many literary critics have thought that the genius of Rulfo's works are within his short stories, where "the elaboration of a single event of the introspection of a single character allows him to illuminate the meaning, often the utter despair, of a man's life" (Schade, p.ix). Rulfo utilizes secondary characters, often family members, to cause reactions from the protagonists. By this, we access the protagonists' humanity. In 'Macario,' character is accessed through use of time and place: the story and its events are chaotic. Macario is an individual, but impossible to understand for his complexity. His ideas and perceptions are contrasted with their opposites, all two thousand words of this piece's prose run in one single paragraph. It's difficult for the reader to orientate themselves within the text. More importantly, it is impossible to distinguish Macario's perception of the outside world, the frogs, the toads, Grandmother, Felipa, food, starvation, etc. There is no second character's point of view given within 'Macario' to counter the ideas or impressions stated. There's no one else's dialogue. Readers must take the information and the character as he is and interpret Macario's life, time and place as he gives it. I believe this is the basis for Gyurko (1972) to state that "Character is stripped external appearance and splintered into existential shards; plot is inconsequential or nonexistent; action decelerates into stasis. Narrative continuity is fragmented into bits of dialogue and truncated memory" (p.451). Macario's inner dialogue is difficult to follow. The sequences of his thoughts have a semblance of sequence or order, but in final interpretation, they are weird. Rulfo uses this stylistically. Macario's first sequence of inner dialogue opens the first paragraph of the first page of the first short story in 'El llano de llamas.' While Macario is musing over the frogs that he is waiting for, the readers are introduced to the idea of an individual's complexity and peculiarity: Las ranas son verdes de todo a todo, menos en la panza. Los sapos son negros. Tambin los ojos de mi madrina son negros. Las ranas son buenas para hacer de comer con ellas. Los sapos no se comen; pero yo me los he comido tambin, aunque no se coman, y saben igual que las ranas. Felipa es la que dice que es malo comer sapos. Felipa tiene los ojos verdes como los ojos de los gatos. Rulfo paints a portrait of a disjointed mind, incomprehensible to others. 'Macario' is then used as an overlay to the short stories that follow. The subsequent short stories have to do with tension between people, and often both viewpoints are easily perceptible, unlike Macario's inner ranting. Rulfo uses secondary characters as a tool to give readers feedback on the protagonists. Rulfo's protagonists are often extraordinary and peculiar individuals struggling to survive in un-ordinary and harsh circumstances, like Natalia in 'Talpa' and Ignacio in 'No oyes ladrar a los perros.' Such characters might be difficult for the reader to relate to or comprehend. For this, Rulfo utilizes secondary characters, usually family, like Natalia's mother and Ignacio's father, to build humanity and provide an

BUS Unit 5 DB SA four Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

BUS Unit 5 DB SA four - Essay Example This may also indicate that the government expenditure is higher than what it can produce. However, it can also be observed that the current account deficit is not very bad to the economy especially if the deficit has been a result of investment initiatives that are designed to generate revenue in the short to long run period. For instance, in the paragraph above, the U. S deficit is viewed as a big problem given that previously stood at 1. 1 trillion dollars but has been halved to 680 billion dollars. This shows a 51 percent decrease in the current account deficit and it can be attributed to different policy changes such budget cuts, tax increments on those with a larger income bracket as well as stimulating economic growth. In this case, it can be seen that the current account deficit for USA is still controllable from within the country so it is not that bad. The deficit only becomes bad when the economy is now sustained on external

Academic Achievements Essay Example for Free

Academic Achievements Essay THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND In every student’s life, academic excellence as well as co-curricular involvement is very essential. The two aspects would help them attain their goal of being part of the honor roll. Balancing these two is one of the problems honor students of today are facing. This process is intended to know how important co-curricular involvement is and what its effects to the students’ academic achievements are. Since 1985, Colegio San Agustin (CSA)- Bià ±an has been providing its students quality Catholic education that enriches their knowledge academically. Besides, CSA- Bià ±an has been offering several co- curricular programs like authorized student clubs or organizations wherein each student is required to join, inside and outside school competitions, sports activities and many more. Prospective honor students, as active as they want to be, participate and take part in both academic and co- curricular programs. CSA- Bià ±an Junior High School Department follows DepEd Order No. 92, s. 2009 for the selection of honor students. The policy states that the 7-3 point scheme (7 points for academic performance and 3 points for co- curricular activities) shall be used in determining the final honors among non- graduating and graduating students. In Academic Year 2013-2014, there were 30 students from grade seven to third year high school who grabbed a spot in the honor roll. Their final ranks were computed based on 70% academics and 30% co- curricular. They, most probably, are equally excellent in both aspects. Co-curricular refers to activities, programs, and learning experiences that complement, in some way, what students are learning in school. Co-curricular activities are usually a way to separate students from their academics. These activities have influence on students’ academic performance but on the other hand, it is questionable whether these activities effect positively or negatively (Millard, 1930). Different school administrations are interested to find out if there is association between academic performance and the involvement in co- curricular activities. (Stephens Schaben, 2002). This is where the focal point of the study takes place: the effects of co- curricular involvement on the academic achievements of the grade seven to third year over- all top ten students. In view of the fact that the researchers are potential honor students, they see the necessity to make an investigation  about this matter for they are sure that the outcome of this study would be beneficial not only to aspiring honor students like them but also to the administrators of the locale under analysis. Setting of the Study The study will be conducted at Colegio San Agustin-Bià ±an, which is situated at Southwoods Interchange, Juana Complex I, Bià ±an City, Laguna. It is a private school run by the Order of St. Augustine. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework This study was anchored on the following different evaluation and assessment concepts. According to the Pickle Jar theory, when you take an empty pickle jar and fill it with rocks, it appears to be full – until you fill it with gravel. The smaller granules fill the cracks between the rocks, and you can still fit in some sand, and then water. Another theory named the Distraction-Conflict theory (1978), refers to an analysis of performance gains in groups assuming that when others are present, attention is divided between the other things and the task; this attentional conflict increases motivation and so it facilitates performance on simple, well-learned tasks. These theories are relevant to the research because like the Pickle Jar Theory, the rocks represent the academic achievements while the smaller granules like pebbles and sand depict the co-curricular involvements. On the other hand, the Distraction-Conflict Theory attests that when both academics and co- curricular activities are present, a student’s attention may be divided and therefore cannot focus on his priority which is his academic performance. SS Figure 1 The Relationship between the Profile and the Effects of Co- Curricular Involvement to Academic Achievements as Perceived by Grade Seven to Fourth Year Over- all Top Ten Students of CSA- Bià ±an in AY 2013- 2014 After consolidating the ideas and thought of the theories and studying the  concepts presented, the researchers came up with Figure 1 to show that the profile; gender, final general average, over-all rank, and frequency of co-curricular involvements (independent variable) has something to do or may alter the perceived effects of co-curricular involvements on academic achievements (dependent variable) of grade seven to third year over- all top ten students of Academic Year 2013-2014. Statement of the Problem This study sought to determine the perceived effects of the co-curricular involvements to the academic achievements of grade seven to third year over-all top ten students of Colegio San Agustin- Bià ±an in academic year 2013-2014. Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions: 1. What is the profile of grade seven to third year over-all top ten students in terms of: a) Gender b) Final General Average c) Over-all Rank d) Frequency of Co-curricular Involvements 2. What are the perceived effects of co-curricular involvement to academic achievements? 3. Is there a significant relationship between the students profile and the perceived effects of co-curricular involvement on academic achievements? Statement of Hypothesis The researchers hypothesized that: There is no significant relationship between the students profiles and the perceived effects of co-curricular involvement to academic achievements of grade seven to third year over-all top ten students of Colegio San Agustin- Bià ±an. Statement of Assumptions The researchers assume that: 1. Co- curricular involvement has either positive or negative effects on the students’ academic achievements. 2. Over- all top ten students are concerned on the effects of co- curricular to academic achievements. 3. CSA- Bià ±an offered both co- curricular and academic programs in AY 2013- 2014. 4.  Colegio San Agustin- Bià ±an Junior High School Department gives importance to both academic and co- curricular excellence. 5. The effect of co- curricular involvement on academic achievements has certain advantages and disadvantages. Significance of the Study Since this study will be conducted to discover the relationship between the co-curricular involvements and the academic achievements of the grade seven to third year over-all top ten students of Colegio San Agustin-Bià ±an in the Academic Year 2013-2014, the researchers found the following grounds of the study very significant: 1. The information which will be gathered in this study may serve as a guide to the teachers in assessing their students’ strengths and weaknesses, both in the academic and co-curricular fields; thereby, will result to better teaching methods and efficient parent-teacher conferences; 2. The results of the study will provide the Guidance and Testing Center with the knowledge of how their students balance their academics and activeness in co-curricular participation which would lead to adequate seminars regarding this matter; and, 3. Finally, the findings of this study will provide the students with the information on how to manage co-curricular activeness and academics while achieving a high general average; 4. The findings of the study will address the parents inquiry regarding their childs academic standing in the classroom aiming to provide the information on the composition of their childs general average and the process of evaluating the child; 5. The study will serve as a guide for the administrators in providing better service to their by means of efficient teaching strategies and increasing the students participation in co-curricular activities through offering a wide selection of activities that correspond to various talents and interests of the students. Scope and Delimitation The study focuses on the perceived effects of co- curricular involvement to academic achievements of grade seven to third year over- all top ten students of Colegio San Agustin- Bià ±an in Academic Year 2013- 2014. The study’s focal point is the effects of co-curricular involvement to the academic achievements of students. The study was limited to the grade seven to third year over-all top ten students for they are the ones who are  concerned on how co- curricular affects their academic achievements. Also, they are more likely to experience problems concerning the subject matter. The study doesn’t include the fourth year high school students of AY 2013-2014 because it would be inconvenient for the researchers to communicate with them since they now study in several different universities. This study yearns to determine the effects of co- curricular involvement on the academic achievements of students. Definition of Terms The following terms were used within the context of the study. They are defined conceptually and operationally for easier comprehension. Academic Achievements. The students’ excellent performance which is measured by academic disciplines like examinations, quizzes, class participation, projects, assignments and etcetera. This is mirrored by the students’ final general average. Co Curricular Involvement. The students’ participation in activities, programs, and learning experiences that complement, in some way, what they are learning inside the classroom. They are usually a way to separate students from their academics. Over-all Top Ten. Ten students who, among all their batch mates, show the most remarkable excellence in both academic and co- curricular performance. Department of Education. Abbreviated as DepEd (Kagawaran ng Edukasyon) and is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for ensuring access to, promoting equity in, and improvin g the quality of basic education. Final General Average. Final assessment of the students grade which consists of both co-curricular and academic performances. Guidance and Testing Center. The sector of Colegio San Agustin- Bià ±an that is responsible in helping the students with their personal emotional and psychological problems. They are also ought to create programs that would maintain the students well- being emotionally and psychologically. Over- all Rank. Rank of the student over the whole number of their batch according to his academic and co-curricular performance.

A Psychological Perspective of The Turn of the Screw Essay -- Henry Ja

A Psychological Perspective of The Turn of the Screw   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Henry James was one of the famous writers during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He was known as an innovative and independent novelist. One of James' novels, The Turn of the Screw (1898), has caused a lot of controversy among many critics, and each of them has had a particular interpretation. James' creative writing built a close connection between his novel and his readers. The reactions of the readers toward The Turn of the Screw can be researched psychologically by analyzing how James developed his story using questionable incidents, an unreliable narrator, unexpected changes, an interesting prologue, and effective images and words. The influences of James's writing on his readers can be explained clearly from a psychological perspective. Readers have their individual perceptions and experiences which are defined as ego. Sigmund Freud pointed out that under the effects of the external world, the ego starts to react in various forms such as storing, adapting, learning, or fighting against external events (2). The external world includes all the things happening outside human minds such as activities in real life, in movies or in books. When readers react to the behaviors of the Governess and other characters in The The Turn of the Screw, it means their ego responds to the story that is the external world in this case. Since the perception and experiences of each person are different from the other, the reactions to this novel are varied. Moreover, James's story was written in a very sophisticated way, which is likely to lead to complex reactions. Henry James skillfully has his readers integrated into his story. While the readers are reading T... ...Screw. Works Cited Auchincloss, Louis. Reading Henry James. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1975. Freud, Sigmund. An Outline of Psycho-Analysis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1969. James, Henry. "The Turn of the Screw". The Turn of the Screw and Other Short Novels. New York: New American Library, 1995. Luckacher, Ned. "'Hanging Fire': The Primal Scene of The Turn of the Screw." Henry James's Daisy Miller, The Turn of the Screw, and Other Tales:. Ed. Horold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publisher, 1987. 117-132. Nunning, Ansgar. "Unreliable Narrator." Encyclopedia of the Novel. Ed. Paul Schellinger. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998. 1386-1388. Wagenknecht, Edward. The Tales of Henry James. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1984. ---. Seven Masters of Supernatural Fiction. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.

Personal Time Management Essay -- Managing Your Time

What do we know about time management? As adults we should know a lot about time management. We all strive to become the best that we can be. This alone should encourage us to learn about time management. Every aspect of our lives depends on it. If we try to plan, organize, and execute our ideas most of the time we can manage it well, but when we go the other route, and jump out there feet first, most of the time we do not do as well. This is not the case in every light, but usually it is the norm. Even as we sit in class trying to better ourselves by improving on our education, we learn that we must manage time to the best of our abilities. This is not done only for school, but for our families for those of us that have children and spouses. A lot of the time, we manage to get everything done and leave ourselves out in the cold when it comes to making time for ourselves. If it is not our job or school we are trying to meet someone else's needs. Being prepared is a key step in being able to manage time. There are a lot of things that go with being prepared. First, you have to have an idea of what you want to do. Knowing what you are getting into helps a lot because you will be able to focus on specific points that will ensure that you are headed in the right direction of achieving your goal. This sounds pretty easy, but it is a task that a lot of people overlook. You may need material to ensure that you can do your task at hand, so knowing exactly what is going on will definitely help. Getting yourself in a proper place to be able to concentrate and execute what you have in mind is also a very important step. Not having a million and one distraction will allow you to focus and get everything done in a time... ...nd friends. Make sure that during your strategy you set a time out for relaxation, eating and sleeping properly. Another part of strategy is to multi-task, use "the Twofer" concept, for example if you are going to the Laundromat take your homework with you. There are many different parts to time management, such as procrastination, strategy, organization, expectations and being prepared. All of them contribute equally in many ways. All of the things that we have spoken about in this paper are highly recommended. The best thing to do when it comes to time management is to set a strategy, become organized and do your best to avoid procrastination. When you manage your time make sure you include the following; studying, sleeping, eating, relaxing and other necessary things. No matter what our circumstances are, we can all use some time management skills in our lives. Personal Time Management Essay -- Managing Your Time What do we know about time management? As adults we should know a lot about time management. We all strive to become the best that we can be. This alone should encourage us to learn about time management. Every aspect of our lives depends on it. If we try to plan, organize, and execute our ideas most of the time we can manage it well, but when we go the other route, and jump out there feet first, most of the time we do not do as well. This is not the case in every light, but usually it is the norm. Even as we sit in class trying to better ourselves by improving on our education, we learn that we must manage time to the best of our abilities. This is not done only for school, but for our families for those of us that have children and spouses. A lot of the time, we manage to get everything done and leave ourselves out in the cold when it comes to making time for ourselves. If it is not our job or school we are trying to meet someone else's needs. Being prepared is a key step in being able to manage time. There are a lot of things that go with being prepared. First, you have to have an idea of what you want to do. Knowing what you are getting into helps a lot because you will be able to focus on specific points that will ensure that you are headed in the right direction of achieving your goal. This sounds pretty easy, but it is a task that a lot of people overlook. You may need material to ensure that you can do your task at hand, so knowing exactly what is going on will definitely help. Getting yourself in a proper place to be able to concentrate and execute what you have in mind is also a very important step. Not having a million and one distraction will allow you to focus and get everything done in a time... ...nd friends. Make sure that during your strategy you set a time out for relaxation, eating and sleeping properly. Another part of strategy is to multi-task, use "the Twofer" concept, for example if you are going to the Laundromat take your homework with you. There are many different parts to time management, such as procrastination, strategy, organization, expectations and being prepared. All of them contribute equally in many ways. All of the things that we have spoken about in this paper are highly recommended. The best thing to do when it comes to time management is to set a strategy, become organized and do your best to avoid procrastination. When you manage your time make sure you include the following; studying, sleeping, eating, relaxing and other necessary things. No matter what our circumstances are, we can all use some time management skills in our lives.

Promoting Molly’s health and wellbeing Essay

The purpose of this essay will to be to promote Molly’s health and wellbeing through evidence based theory and practice (Refer to appendix 1 for Molly scenario). Molly has various health needs that necessitate the need for health promotion such as the risk of postnatal depression. However, for the purpose of this essay, the focus will be her type 2 diabetes health need. There are several bio-psychosocial factors that contribute to Molly’s health and wellbeing such as genes, stress and low income. The interventions that are designed to promote Molly’s health and wellbeing will include education and empowerment . These will address Molly’s determinants of health by using appropriate models and approaches to provide realistic and practical suggestions to Molly. The rationale upon promoting Molly’s diabetic health need is due to the fact that, type 2 diabetes can cause severe complications such as retinopathy, kidney failure and cardiovascular disease. What is more, type 2 diabetes continues to increase in the United Kingdom and it is estimated to affect more than 5 million people by 2015 (NHS choices 2013) Historic overview of health promotion was first highlighted by Florence Nightingale (1860) who noted the biomedical care given to patients and suggested the need to provide holistic patient centred care to patients (Piper 2010). Notably, she recognized the importance of environmental factors such as cleanliness and nutrition to promote the health of patients (Piper 2009). Health promotion is a plethora of contested definitions. Therefore, over the years there have been considerable attempts to define this concept. For (WHO 1986) Ottawa Charter, health promotion is defined as a process of educating and empowering people to make healthier choices (Hubley et al 2013). This definition implies that, health promotion is a holistic concept that emphasizes on the physical, social and mental wellbeing (Piper 2010) The nurse is the health professional that will be involved in promoting Molly’s health and wellbeing through evidence based theory and practice in addition to using various models and approaches (Piper 2009). This strategy will enable Molly and the nurse to individually and holistically express themselves, develop innovative plans suited to Molly’s health needs and promote effective communication between Molly and  the nurse (Bowden and Manning 2006). Communication is an important principle in health promotion as not only does it underpin the basis of holistic care given to patients but it also builds therapeutic relationships between the nurse and the patient (Bowden 2006). Communication is a fundamental concept in nursing that is defined as a skill of information sharing between the patient and other health professionals (Yulli et al 2011). In these circumstances, the nurse will communicate with Molly through various modes of communication which will include verbal, non-verbal and written communication. She will discuss with Molly on shared values and beliefs that is relevant to Molly’s health needs. Most important, communication in Molly’s case will go beyond information sharing to involving Molly in her own care by supporting her to make positive healthier choices in her life (Hubley 2013). Significantly, the nurse will adhere to ethical principles of autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice (Whitewood 2010). There are several bio bio-psychosocial factors that contribute to the health and wellbeing of Molly. These factors can be well understood by using the bio-psychosocial model. This is holistic model that combines major determinants of health such as social economic status, biological status and psychological status to give a holistic view of an individual mental, physical and social wellbeing (Baxter 2010). The biological factors that contribute to Molly diabetic health need are her genetic susceptibility due to her family history (NHS choices2013). Her unborn child is also at a risk of inheriting the illness from her mother. Type 2 diabetes tends to run in families largely due to similar unhealthy lifestyle (Bowden and Manning 2006). Whereas Molly might have inherited type 2 diabetes from her parents, the development of this illness is also influenced by lifestyle choices (NHS choices 2013). Psychologically, Molly is at the risk of suffering from postnatal depression and stress due t o physical demands of work and taking care of her family. This can consequently lead to mental illnesses (Hobart and Frankel 2009). Psychological illnesses can affect Molly’s ability to self-manage her blood glucose. Apart from this, psychological instability can cause Molly to lose control of her diabetes with fatal consequences (NHS choices 2013). Molly is on a low social economic status as she is only able to work part time. Green  and Tones (2010) contends that, low income limits access to nutritional food and housing which can consequently lead to poor physical health and social exclusion. Furthermore, Hill et al 2013 s proposes that, type 2 diabetes disproportionately affects people with limited resources. Perhaps this is because, low income earners are more likely to indulge in unhealthy damaging behaviours such as eating unhealthy food and lack of physical activity (Hubley 2013). If this were the case, Molly might not able buy healthy food or accesses those activities that address her health needs such as the gym and other social networks in her community. All these factors might hinder positive health outcomes. According to (WHO 1986), health is defined as not only an absence of diseases but also a complete state of physical and mental wellbeing. In order to promote Molly’s health, a holistic approach is needed to address the bio-psychosocial the factors that affect her health and wellbeing. Therefore, various activities need to be undertaken by using appropriate theoretical approaches and models. Initially, the nurse should ensure that, Molly’s basic needs are meet first before moving up to the higher needs. Maslow (1943) proposed that, humans have hierarchies of needs. He believed that, needs such as food and water are meet first before reaching the level of self-actualisation (Hubley2013). Having previously identified that Molly is on a low income which can affect her ability to access healthy food. The health promotion priority will be then to address this need before moving on to the other higher needs. The nurse should advice Molly on the help that is available for her to increase her earnings . For example, Molly would benefit from extended school that offer childcare and family support services (Larkin 2009). The importance of childcare would be that, Molly will be able to work more hours bringing in some extra income for her family. Consequently, she will be able to buy healthy food and engage in activities such as swimming or going to the gym. Significantly, this would reduce her risk of social exclusion and diabetes related complications (NHS choices 2013). However, it is important that Molly believes that, her positive health behaviours will prevent complications and help acquire good quality of life. This will influence  Molly’s willingness to take action (Yulli 2010). According to Health belief model by Rosenstock (1966), Molly will only take positive action if she believes that, she is susceptible to serious illnesses, believes that her type 2 diabetes is serious and believes that her positive actions will avoid the negative consequences of diabetes ( Yulli 2010). For instance, by doing physical activities it reduces her chance of her being obese and consequently reducing her risk the of cardiovascular diseases or even death (Coyle 2013). The Health belief model is useful in promoting Molly’s diabetic health need. This is because it organises the patients health status, views and points out the factors that that determines whether the patient will change their behaviour. Furthermore it provides a useful checklist that points out the issues that need to be addressed and the patient’s motivation to change their health ( Yuill et al 2010). Nevertheless, the Health belief model has not escaped criticism due to its individualistic way and ignores social influences (Hubley 2013). For example, Molly low income status may influence her decision of whether or not she eats healthy food. Furthermore, it does not address psychological factors such as fear and denial that greatly influences human ability to take positive action towards their health (Hubley 2013) . For instance, Molly’s ability to engage in physical activities may be affected her pregnancy, emotions and social influences such as family and friends. Another activity that to be undertaken to promote Molly’s health is encouraging Molly to learn from positive role models that will motivate her to positively regulate her behaviour and reflect on her actions (Green 2010). This can be learning from her family, friends or other people who have type 2diabetes but have successfully managed their diabetes through positive attitudes, behaviours and treatments. According Social learning theory by Bandura (1986), people actions are influenced by observing the behaviour of other people. He argued that, this promotes people self-esteem that in turn drives them to make positive changes (Green 2010). In these circumstances, the social learning theory is equally important in promoting Molly’s diabetic health need because it addresses the concept of self-esteem. This is a key part of resisting negative influences and promotes self-efficacy and locus of control to do what is right by her health (Amdam 2012). Social learning theory importance should not be  underestimated as it recognizes that, individuals do not exist in isolation (Amdam 2012). Despite this, it is criticised by biological theorists for its rejection of biological factors such as genes. Moreover, the biologist model challenges the social learning flawed assumption that, behaviours are learnt by contending that, behaviours are inherited but not learnt (Gyenscuico 2011). Education is another activity that needs to be undertaken in order to promote Molly’s diabetic health need. The aim of education will be to teach Molly on self-management skills and to improve Molly’s knowledge on diabetic care (Bowden and Manning 2006). The nurse will use health educational model to modify Molly’s behaviour and actions through providing value-laden facts and information about type 2 diabetes . This may be done by giving Molly leaflets about type 2 diabetes, teaching Molly on how to control and monitor her glucose levels (Bowden and Manning 2006). According to education approach, if Molly have the necessary knowledge on diabetes, she is more likely to make positive decisions (Lawrence et al 2009). For Instance, by teaching Molly how her blood glucose is affected by food and exercise, she is more likely to eat more healthier food and be active in order to keep her blood glucose stable (NHS 2012). One cannot ignore that education model is evidence based and not only does it educate the patient but it also gives skills to the patient. However, this model fails to consider environmental, psychological and economic constraints which affect individual’s ability to make choices (Lawrence et al 2009). Another limitation of this model is its simplistic view of cost-benefit analysis. It assumes that, if Molly is given the knowledge she will accept it unconditionally, weigh up the cost and then make a positive health choices for her best interest (Bowden and Manning 2006). What is more, its deterministic view point that, education is a must does and its top down approach does not give Molly much free will to make her own choices which the self-empowerment does (Bowden and Manning). The empowerment model gives the patient the free will through it advocacy of the individual concept of locus of control and self-efficacy to take control of their own health (Lawrence et al 2013). Thi s model links to the activity of empowerment which is another activity that needs to be undertaken in in order to promote Molly’s health and well being . This will be through Molly  participating and taking part in all areas of decision making (Piper 2009). This model shifts the balance of power from the health professionals to the patient (Piper 2010). The empowerment model bottom up approach is a vital factor in empowering the patient (Bowden and Manning 2006). The empowerment will mean that , Molly is acknowledged as being a part of her health promotion and she will work alongside the nurse and other multi-agency teams involved in her own care (Yulli et al 2010). Perhaps this might raise her confidence and influence her ability to make healthier choices by taking responsibilities on her type 2 diabetes management (Hanlon et al 2012). The advantage of using the self-empowerment model in Molly’s scenario will be that, Molly will gain more control of her life and confidence to move towards healthier existence (Hanlon 2012). However, it fails to consider influences of power that may prevent Molly from making healthier choices (Hanlon 2012). For example, Molly’s husband might influence her ability to make choices. Moreover, it does not address social economic factors such as low income that can mean that, Molly’s primacies may be at odd with the priorities of the health promoting professionals (Bowden and manning 2006). Finally, its acknowledgment of the self-determination means that, Molly might exercise her free will and choose unhealthy eating behaviours that might place her at risk or even death (Dean and Irvine 2010) One cannot ignore the benefits of health promotion in Molly’s scenario is a useful tool to educate, motivate and empower Molly to make positive changes towards her health. However, health promotion can be problematic at times. This is due to the dangerous assumptions of the health promoters focus on health issues ignoring that, people have various motives to change their behaviours and health might not be one of them (Scrive 2010). For instance, for Molly diabetic health need might not be her prime motivator to change her lifestyle. Another criticism of health promotion is the ever changing health advice for patients due to research that is always finding new evidence (Amdam 2011). In these circumstances, patients have barely enough time try one treatment or advice before th ey can adapt to another. This affects the efficacy of health promotion (Scriven 2010). Evidently, the media contradicts the health promotion advice which is based on facts due to its focus on controversy rather than facts which can be confusing for the patients (Amdam 2011). Furthermore, the health promotion in Molly’s scenario  raises this question. If Molly decides not to change, does it mean that the health promotion in her case has failed? The challenges of effective health promotion require actions at all levels starting at an individual, community and at a government level (Scriven 2011). Therefore, to successfully, promote the health of an individual, it is necessary to have an approach that combines all these levels together as they all influence the effectiveness of health promotion ( Amdam 2011). To conclude, health promotion is defined as a process of educating and empowering people to make healthier choices. Molly’s health is influenced by various determinants of health that are linked to her social, biological and environmental conditions. The health promotion emphasis is to tackle such determinants of health through evidence based practices that combines various theories and approaches. These theories and approaches are tied up with practical activities that are aimed at changing Molly’s lifestyle and behaviour to promote her health. The importance of health promotion should not be underestimated at it educates and empowers the patients to make positive actions towards their health. Nevertheless, health promotion is plagued with challenges such as contradicting health advice that affects the efficacy of health promotion. These challenges affect the most vulnerable people such as Molly. It is therefore important that the health promoters recognizes these difficulties and address them accordingly. Finally, it is recommended that, future health promotion professionals address the deficit of the lack of an approach that tackles health promotion at an individual, community, government level to ensure the effectiveness of health promotion. Referencing Amdam, R. (2011) Planning in health promotion work. Oxfordshire: Routledge. Baxter, M. Health (2010). 2nd ed. Cornwall: Polity press. Bowden, J. and Manning, V. (2006) Health promotion in Midwifery. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold Ltd. Ghensucico, B. (2011) Critic on Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory. Dawsonera [Online]. Available at: http://dawsonera.com [Accessed: 25 January 2014] Green, J. and Tones, K. (2010) Health promotion planning and strategies. 2nd ed. London: Sage Publication Ltd. Hanlon, P. Carlisle, S. Hannah, M. and Lyon, A. ((2012) The future public health London: Open University Press. Hobart , C., Frankel. J. (2009) Safeguarding children . 3rd ed. Cheltenham: Thornes Ltd. Hubley, J. Copeman, J. and Woodall, J. (2013) Practical health promotion. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Polity Press. Larkin, M. (2009) Vulnerable groups in health and social care. Dawsonera [Online]. Available at: http://dawsonera.com [Accessed: 30 March 2014] Needle, JJ. Petchey, RP. Benson, J. Scriven, A. Lawrenson, J. and Hilari, K.(2011) The allied health professions and health promotion: [Systematic review] Cochrane

Public Health P1. P2

Public Health – Unit 12 – Petra P1 Public health is â€Å"the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals† (1920, C. E. A. Winslow). This therefore infers public health is the preventing and controlling of disease within communities, to prolong life and promote health through organised society.The keys aspects of public health †¦ -Monitoring the overall health status of the population, this involves the recording of any changes of health in the population and alerting people to potential risks, for example the higher levels of smoking within a population. -Identifying the health needs within a population, which involves establishing patterns and trends of health problems within to identify implications service users may be at risk of, for example in relation to smoking, assessing the likely increase in need for cancer support services. Developing programmes to reduce the risk and screening for diseases earlier on, which refers to the attempts of reducing the levels of illness, by introducing new programmes which inform people that they are at risk of certain conditions and aiding them into trying out new preventative programmes? For example if a doctor identifies someone at risk from cancer due to smoking, they may enrol them on a programme to help stop smoking, or even provide them with medication to stop them smoking. -Controlling of communicable disease.This is the reduction of the impact of infectious disease, through immunisation and other control methods. For example, vaccinations against measles, mumps and rubella, it may also include food hygiene in restaurants and other food suppliers preventing food poisoning. – Health promotion to the population. This can be done by events and activities which reduce health implications. For example, for people suffering with obe sity, it may involve campaigns to encourage people to be more active and eat a better diet, like the 5 a day campaign. Planning and evaluating the provision of health and social care, which involves assessing health services and whether or not they are having enough impact on the initial problem, for example in the case of obesity, it may involve the question of, can local services meet the demand of weight management advice, or are the services being successful in helping people to reduce their weight and endure that change. P2 Public health has grown and improved since its creation in the 19th century.It was created from the Poor Law system and the Victorian sanitary reform movement. The Poor Law was in place, to ensure people of the lower working class(poor people) were being housed properly, whether it were in workhouses or their own homes, it also ensured they were appropriately clothed and fed a sufficient amount of food. In a lot of workhouses, children were also schooled a l ittle, and in return for this treatment, the working class would be obliged to work for several hours a day.During industrialisation and the fast growth in cities, standards began to fall, which led to many concerns involving poor housing, dirty water supplies and air pollution ‘bad air’ and the immense impacts this had on the health of the work population all together. Origins of the public health policy in the UK from the 19th Century to present day†¦ The nineteenth century;- The first national Public Health Act 1848 This was created and put into place, due to a man known as Edwin Chadwick. He was an active campaigner on many public health issues, such as the poor working/housing conditions and the sanitary reform.His report in 1842 included a massive amount of evidence supporting the link between environment, poverty and ill health. He recommended that each local authority required an expert medical and civil engineering advice, to administer all sanitary matter s. It took six years until the Public Health act was passed and the first Board of health was established. John Snow and the Broad Street pump John Snow was a man whom believed that the water pollution was the main cause of ill health within the population of London in the 19th Century. He linked the common illness cholera to people whom drank from the wells.He observed those getting ill and which areas and pumps they drank from and recorded it on a map, he was then able to establish all those getting ill were in fact drinking from the same pump, and consequently in 1854 John Snow removed the handle of the Broad Street pump and ceased the epidemic of Cholera in Soho, London John Simon and the 1866 Sanitary Act John Simon was professionally a physician, but he became famous for him dramatic reforms of the public health system. He was the first medical officer in the UK’s central government, and he influenced public health by improving public vaccination systems.He also was the founder of the water supply cleaner and made sewers more effective. The twentieth century The Beveridge Report 1942 William Beveridge was a man whom was asked by government to write a report on the best and most effective ways to help those on low incomes. This was after the Second World War when people felt they needed rewarding, which the government responded to by promising to create a more equal society. In Beveridge’s report in December 1942, he proposed that all people of a working age should contribute, which would benefit people who were sick, unemployed, retired, or widowed.The National Health Service (NHS) The NHS was created on the back of the Beveridge report. This allowed free care to those who could not afford it. It provided hospital services, primary care (doctors- family clinics) and community services such as health visitors, midwives, ambulance services and many more. Acheson Report into inequalities in health 1998 He comprised a report that pointed out 39 recommendations and highlighted 3 crucial areas of which would need concentrating on, which are; 1) all policies that are likely to have impact on health should be evaluated in terms of their impact on health inequality. ) Priority to the health of families with children. 3) Further steps should be taken to reduce the income inequalities and improve the standards of poor households. Our Healthier Nation 1999 This strategy was released by the labour government after their election in 1997, it has very clear links with the Acheson report and attempted to tackle the root causes of ill health such as pollution, unemployment, low wages, crime and poor housing.Choosing Health: Making Healthy Choices Easier 2004 This white paper acknowledged the changing nature in society, and an increased emphasis on health and well-being. The strategy had three key underpinning principles: informal choice, personalization and working together. Its main priorities were: to reduce the number of people who smoke, reduce obesity and improve diet and nutrition, increase exercise, encourage support of sensible drinking and the improvement of overall sexual health.